Imaginatively Missional
The intersection of archaeology and missiology offers a rich field for exploring how early Christians navigated complex sociocultural terrains in Asia Minor. In the forthcoming Gods, Emperors, Philosophers, and a New Movement, I argue that the material culture of the first three centuries presents more than historical data—it offers theological and missiological implications for practical lessons …
Continue reading "Seven Practical Missiological Applications from the Archaeological Record"
The Greek words oikos and oikia are often used interchangeably in modern discussions of the early church, yet they carried distinct meanings in the first-century context. Understanding their differences is crucial for accurately interpreting biblical texts and their implications for missions, community, and church structure for today. Oikia: The Physical House and Family The term …
Continue reading "Understanding the First-Century House Church in the Archaeological Record"
Terrace House 2 in Ephesos provides an extraordinary glimpse into the social and religious life of one of the most important cities in the Greco-Roman world. Nestled on the southern slopes of the city near the Triodos (the intersection of three main streets), these seven peristyle houses reflect the wealth, sophistication, and religious diversity of …
In the first century AD, the Roman Empire was not merely a political powerhouse; it was also a stage for a deeply intertwined system of civic loyalty and religious devotion. One striking example of this is what appears to be the pedestal of a statue in the upper gymnasium of Priene, an ancient Ionian city …
It's 53 or 54 AD. So, imagine standing in the grandeur of the Ephesian Prytaneion, surrounded by marble reminders of the goddess Artemis, the supposed protector of the city and light to the world. According to a prominent inscription inscribed on a marble lintel block, you, Theophilos—a "lover of god"—have served as a Kouretes, a guardian …
Who was Theophilos, the addressee of Luke’s Gospel and Acts? For decades, scholars have speculated about his identity. Some argue that Theophilos, whose name means “lover/friend of God,” was a symbolic placeholder for all believers. Others suggest he was a wealthy patron who funded Luke’s literary endeavors. But what if Theophilos was a real person …
The synagogue of Sardis (ca 4th c.), located adjacent to the Roman bath-gymnasium, is a large basilica style hall of ostensible Jewish worship that could accomodate a thousand people. In fact, it is the largest so-called synagogue ever excavated in the Roman world. Considerations for its surroundings, inscriptions, mosaics, graffiti, and spolia have raised the …
Much of my academic work over the past three decades has focused on how the early Christian movement engaged the cultures of its time. Understanding the dynamics of these early communities not only informs our theological reflections but also offers invaluable lessons for contemporary church planting and missions. This is precisely the focus of my …
One of the hot button topics of contemporary evangelical Christianity deals with the nature of the church. In the still very young 21st century, both critics and advocates lend their voices to the conversation. Admittedly, ecclesiology—the study of the church—traditionally occupies just a few pages, maybe even chapters, in contemporary systematic theology texts. Compared to other …
Let those who are devout and who truly love God, take part with joy in this beautiful and glorious feast.  Let those who are faithful servants enter rejoicing into the joy of their Lord. Let those who have labored with fasting now receive their reward. Let those who have worked from the first hour receive today what they …
There is one early Christian letter that stands out as a remarkable testimony about second century Christianity. It is included among the writings of the Apostolic Fathers and provides an early example of the defense for the Christian faith. It is something we often call an apologetic although not the common confrontation form. Rather, it …
Back when the color inkjet printer and image scanner were introduced to everyday consumers, many with nefarious intentions came up with the brilliant idea to print counterfeit money. Simply by laying a piece of currency on the scanner and printing the image onto a piece of paper, the money looked remarkably similar to the real …
Continue reading "The Early Church and Counterfeiting Jesus"
History seems to repeat itself in a continual cycle of recapitulation. While there is a temptation to think of our particular period of history as unique, a student of the past quickly recognizes common characteristics and patterns that appear familiar across time. The study of leadership theory is no less the case as we look to the past to …
Preliminary observations from ongoing research into the history of theological education in the early church Paul’s connection to the academy in Athens (Acts 17:18-20) and Ephesus (Acts 19:9-10) clearly influenced his disciples. The disciplines of careful observation of and dialogue with culture, reflective examination and application of Scripture, and informed engagement were critical to the …
Continue reading "Theological Education in the Second Century"
Preliminary observations from ongoing research into the history and evolution of the word "pastor" Eusebius’ magisterial work entitled Ecclesiastical History, written in four editions between 311-324AD, spans the history of the church from the time of Christ to the time of Constantine: about 300 years. The volume comprises a total of 10 books. Remarking on Eusebeius’ …
Continue reading "The Use of ποιμην in Early Christian History"
There are many cultural myths about Jesus; ways in which people have come to describe Him that arise from particular traditions. Often they are not matters of right or wrong, but rather expressions which have helped people relate to Jesus from their unique backgrounds. For example, in our sensitivity to race and ethnicity, when we …
The early church fascinates me; especially the practices of those Christians who were disciples of people like Paul, Peter, Barnabas, and Timothy–the first century giants of the New Testament who set the foundation for Christian belief and practice. I’m often curious about what their disciples did to carry on the work of the gospel throughout …
Continue reading "Looking to the Past to Move to the Future"
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